Thanksgiving Essay Example For Students

Thanksgiving Essay Reality behind the convention is astonishing. Thanksgiving Essay and the Pilgrims appear to go together, however in all actuality, the Pilgrims never held a harvest time Thanksgiving feast. Anyway the Pilgrims had a gala in 1621, after their first reap, and it is this blowout, which individuals regularly allude to as The First Thanksgiving. This banquet was rarely rehashed, however, so it cannot be known as the start of a custom, nor was it named by the settlers or ;Pilgrims; a Thanksgiving Feast. Truth be told, a day of thanksgiving was a day of supplication and fasting, and would have been held whenever that they felt an additional day of thanks was called for. It boiled down to a couple of battleground states. It was an intense challenge, and it turned out nearly 527 associations got included, including Barnyard Animals for Truth, Bush stated, deriding the free-spending autonomous gatherings like Swiftboat Veterans for Truth known as 527s. The gathering brought up issues about Democrat John Kerrys administration in the Vietnam War. There was a revolting film that came out, Fahrenheit 375 Degrees At 10 Minutes Per Pound,' he stated, panning Fahrenheit 9/11, the narrative film that ambushed him over the treatment of the Sept. 11 assaults and the war on psychological oppression. As Bush talked, the two winged creatures pecked at supports in the Rose Garden. After his comments, Bush, careful subsequent to being pecked in the midriff three years back, kept a strong hold on one feathered creatures neck. He said the winged creatures would experience their lives at Frying Pan Park in Herndon, Va., which raises livestock. That drew a protest from People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals, which said the turkeys would live in increasingly compassionate conditions at a creature asylum. The turkeys Bush exculpated a year ago kicked the bucket inside a quarter of a year after their absolutions, a consequence of medications that cause them to develop unreasonably, the gathering said. .

Super size me Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Excessively size me - Essay Example Over a 30-day time span, Spurlock further stops any activity schedules to additionally mirror the effect of McDonalds nourishments on human physiology. Outside of the physical impacts, the film shows how the media impacts buyers to reflect what Spurlock accepts is an inadmissible strategy for constraining Americans to enjoy cheap food. Over the span of the film, Spurlock looks at quite a few years worth of TV advertisements discharged by McDonalds since the 1970s, so as to portray how the media can pressure the two youngsters and grown-ups into eating at the cheap food chain. These advertisements portray fun loving enlivened characters, who move and sing with the possibility of being taken to McDonalds to enjoy oily food (Sowers, 2006). From a mental point of view, Spurlock comes to understand that McDonalds is utilizing visual symbolism, in the quest for animating a pleasurable association between the inexpensive food organization and its menu things. Further, in the film, the notable character, Ronald McDonald, is appeared as a pioneer to youngsters, participating in pleasurable exercises, for example, network b-ball and different games. This will in general demonstrate, to a less-refined individual regarding recognizing media impacts, that McDonalds is a network disapproved of association and that verifiable tru st ought to be given to the chain due to their enchanting representative. Outside of the visual symbolism, Spurlock further calls attention to non-print media endeavors to fabricate a more grounded reliability to McDonalds with the addition of signs and flags, everywhere throughout the United States (and discharged by McDonalds), which elevate the need to overly estimate suppers. Supersizing includes expanding the food divides by a huge edge, along these lines expanding the fat and caloric estimation of the food. Despite the fact that Spurlock is to some degree one-sided in his way to deal with the film, he keeps up a

Can Artificial Intelligence Help With Depression

Can Artificial Intelligence Help With Depression Depression Treatment Print Can Artificial Intelligence Help With Depression? By Jodi Clarke, MA, LPC/MHSP twitter linkedin Jodi Clarke, LPC/MHSP is a licensed professional counselor and mental health service provider with over 20 years of experience in the field. Learn about our editorial policy Jodi Clarke, MA, LPC/MHSP Reviewed by Reviewed by Amy Morin, LCSW on January 24, 2020 facebook twitter instagram Amy Morin, LCSW, is a psychotherapist, author of the bestselling book 13 Things Mentally Strong People Dont Do, and a highly sought-after speaker. Learn about our Wellness Board Amy Morin, LCSW on January 24, 2020 Depression Overview Types Symptoms Causes & Risk Factors Diagnosis Treatment Coping ADA & Your Rights Depression in Kids D3Damon / Getty Images In This Article Table of Contents Expand AI for Depression Treatment Benefits Limitations AI Bots & Apps View All With a preference for convenience and instant feedback, artificial intelligence (AI) is gaining ground with patients in mental and behavioral health care. According to the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), major depression is one of the most commonly diagnosed mental health conditions in the United States. Depression may be common, but many people are not able to access treatment. According to the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Service Administration (SAMHSA)s 2016 report on drug use and health, only 63% of adults identified as having had at least one major depressive episode reported receiving any kind of treatment. For teens with major depression, the numbers are even more concerning: According to SAMHSAs survey, only 40% of teens who had at least one major depressive episode received treatment. Statistics on people with depression who cannot get treatment has prompted the development of alternative pathways to mental health care, many of which leverage technological advancements. Here are a few ways AI could be used to help people manage depression, as well as what the technology cant do. What AI Can Offer to Mental Health Treatment In the model of emotionally focused therapy, a person who is emotionally safe is accessible, responsive, and engaging. These are the qualities researchers and programmers in the field of AI hope to bring to technology-based mental health care. Accessibility and Responsiveness AI apps can provide unprecedented accessibility by being available 24/7 at little to no cost. The programs collect data that allow them to create a level of therapeutic rapport with users and offer relevant responses. The level of engagement continues to develop as the program learns more about the user and collects additional data. Through this process, the app is able to better detect and work toward meeting a users individual behavioral and emotional health goals and needs. Privacy and Anonymity Many people value their privacy and enjoy the anonymity technology can provide. Considering the sensitive and personal nature of the content shared in counseling and therapy, programs using AI that can be used anonymously by users can be an appealing asset. Access and Stigma AI-based depression resources also hope to address other barriers to mental health treatment, such as a lack of providers in rural areas, the stigma associated with mental illness, and feelings of fear, guilt, or shame that may stop someone with depression from reaching out to others. How to Use Mental Health AI Effectively Benefits of AI There are several potential benefits to using AI to help manage depression, from improved access to coordinated care, but the technology also has some limitations. Convenience Traditional outpatient counseling involves scheduling an appointment once or twice per week to meet with a therapist for a 50-minute session. To make an appointment, you need to find a time in a therapists schedule that suits your schedule. To attend your scheduled sessions consistently, you may have to ask for time off at work or school or make other arrangements (such as for childcare). You also need to factor in the time it takes you to commute to and from an office, which will vary depending on how close counseling resources are to where you live. The ability to access mental health resources that are convenient and low cost are major benefits of apps and programs created with artificial intelligence. Most mental health apps and platforms available provide resources users can access anywhere from a smartphone, tablet, or laptop. Theyre also available at any time. You can use the apps day or night, on weekends, holidays, or any other time that works for your schedule. Compared to the cost of therapy fees, as well as accounting for missed work, commuting, and other needs, these apps are also low to no-cost alternatives. Connection In the field of mental health, a major predictor of positive counseling experience is the rapport developed between clients and counselors. The relationship built in therapy establishes trust and creates a safe space to express challenging emotions and discuss difficult experiences. Forging connection is a key part of the healing process. Those developing artificial intelligence-based apps consult a wealth of amount of data and research to create programs that help people to feel connected and understood. In addition to building an emotional connection, AI can connect people to the help they need in situations where they otherwise wouldnt have access. In rural and remote areas, mental health resources can be few and far between. Furthermore, the resources that are available may not have the capacity to meet the demands of the whole community. According to the Kaiser Family Foundation, an estimated 106 million people in the United States live in areas referred to as Health Care Professional Shortage Areas  (HPSAs). The ability to access and use mental health resources that are designed using artificial intelligence can be a lifeline of hope for people in areas where there is little to no affordable, accessible, and available help. Anonymity As much as humans are wired for connection and can recognize the benefits of personal counseling and therapy for treating depression, obstacles can prevent people from getting the help they need. The stigma attached to mental illness and its treatment has lessened to a degree but is still present in society. The influence of depression stigma can make it harder for people to feel empowered and safe in seeking treatment. The use of mobile apps and artificial intelligence platforms allows people to receive mental health services within the safety of their own personal living space, which eliminates the possibility of others knowing someone is receiving care, such as by crossing paths with an acquaintance when headed to a counselors office. Much of what would be discussed in counseling for depression involves emotional hurt, painful experiences and fear, and other tough topics that leave people feeling vulnerable. For some, discussing and sharing this information anonymously, and through a screen rather than face-to-face, can be less intimidating. The ability to maintain ones privacy when discussing mental health coupled with the flexibility to do so when its convenient and from ones own space makes these AI-designed apps for depression appealing and potentially useful. However, there are some limitations to the technology that should be kept in mind. Limitations of AI Many of the obstacles that can prevent people from seeking and receiving help for depression are removed, or at least minimized, by AI-driven apps and programs. But while research and development of technology-based mental health resources continue to improve, these apps are not intended to replace the clinical treatment of any mental health condition, including depression. Its also essential that clinicians are educated on how to use AI technology with their patients. A global survey of more than 700 psychiatrists found that while the majority believe AI will become a regular part of their clinical practice (particularly to perform documentation), many were not convinced of the technologys therapeutic benefitsâ€"especially compared to the potential risks. AI Bots and Apps for Depression Below are a few examples of popular AI-based technology thats available to help people manage depression. Although the apps cannot diagnose or treat a mental health condition, they may be complementary for people working with a doctor or mental health practitioner. WoeBot WoeBot launched in the summer of 2017 and is referred to as an automated conversational agent, also known as a chatbot. It is designed to offer convenient care to those struggling with depression by mimicking human conversation, offering self-help related guidance and companionship to its users. The program can share with you information and resources, such as videos and exercises, based on what it thinks you are needing at that time. WoeBot can be used anonymously on iOS and you can also chat with it through Facebook Messenger. The basis of WoeBot is designed with influence from cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), a therapeutic framework that works to help people change their unhelpful thinking and behaviors, ideally leading to improved mood and decision making. As you continue to chat with WoeBot, it collects data through natural language processing (NLP) and uses this information to get to know you better. The collected information allows for the program to more accurately detect and meet your emotional needs at a given time, offering personalized resources, self-help guidance, information and support related to your concerns. Wysa Wysa is an artificial intelligence-based, emotionally intelligent bot that the company says can help you manage your emotions and thoughts. Like WoeBot, Wysas designed based on principles of CBT to help users challenge and change thoughts and behaviors. Wysa also incorporates dialectical behavioral therapy (DBT), meditation practices, and motivational interviewing into chats. Wysa can be used anonymously, though as with other AI apps, it collects data as users chat to improve the accuracy of its interpretation of a users behavioral and mental health needs and goals.?? Although the chatbot service is free, the company that developed Wysa suggests users purchase a monthly subscription that provides the opportunity to interact with a human Wysa coach. Tess X2AIs Tess is described as a psychological AI that administers highly personalized psycho-education and health-related reminders on demand. The program is a text-based messaging conversation that users can access through Facebook Messenger, SMS texting, web browsers, and smartphone apps. Through consistent messaging, the data Tess accumulates informs its responses with the aim of providing guidance thats most relevant to the user. Together with tracking a users goals, the interventions suggested by Tess are influenced by the framework of cognitive-behavioral therapy. Youper This free app for iOS and Android uses AI chatbot technology to help users talk through their symptoms, behaviors, and patterns. The company calls Youper an emotional health assistant, that provides personalized feedback and insights based on what it learns in daily text-based conversations with users. At the beginning of a chat session, users can communicate what they need from Youper. For example, a user might want help managing chronic depression or may need tips for feeling less anxious at the moment. As users are chatting with Youper, the bot culls through various psychological techniques (such as CBT) to provide the user with helpful guidance based on their needs and goals. At the end of a conversation, Youper provides a summary that can help users track symptoms, moods, and patterns over time. A Word From Verywell Apps, platforms, and other technology that uses artificial intelligence to help people manage depression and other mental health conditions offer many benefits, but they do have limitations. Although these products address gaps in access and may help people overcome barriers to seeking mental health support and resources, they are not intended to replace clinicians in diagnosing conditions or prescribing medical or psychiatric treatment. The Best Mental Health Apps

Happiness And Its Effect On Our Nation s Declaration Of...

Happiness cannot be reached when it is being searched for, it can only be achieved by focusing on things other than your own happiness. 1. â€Å"The right laid out in our nation’s Declaration of Independence- to pursue happiness to our hearts’ content- is nowhere on better display than in the rites of the holiday season† (McMahon). 2. â€Å"Sociologists like to point out that the percentage of those describing themselves as â€Å"happy† or â€Å"unhappy† has remained virtually unchanged in Europe and the United States since such surveys were first conducted in the 1950’s† (McMahon). 3. â€Å"And yet, this January, like last year and next, the self-help industry will pour forth books promising to make us happier than we are today. The very demand for such books†¦show more content†¦ii. This piece of evidence can be considered both a fact and an opinion. This piece is a fact because it states that happiness is written in the Declaration of Independence, but it is an opinion because not all people feel that the holidays are a happy time. iii. The fact part of this quote is a statistical fact because it can found in the Declaration of Independence. iv. The opinion part of this quote is credible because it can be shown in many cases around the holidays. Although not everyone believes that the holiday is the best display, it can be shown on many accounts. v. This evidence is persuasive because it incorporates both fact and opinion into this quote; therefore, it covers both the statistical based audience and the opinion based audience. vi. The rhetorical purpose for this quote was well reached through logos. This quote uses a statistical fact to appeal to logic, and it uses the example of the holiday season to appeal to reason. b. â€Å"Sociologists like to point out that the percentage of those describing themselves as â€Å"happy† or â€Å"unhappy† has remained virtually unchanged in Europe and the United States since such surveys were first conducted in the 1950’s† (McMahon). i. This quote does not relate as strongly to my thesis, but it is a very important thing for the reader to consider. This statement causes the reader to consider what we have changed through time and how it has had

Police Interview - 1846 Words

Police Officer Interview University of Phoenix Student This paper will compare and contrast the thoughts of two police officers from different police departments. In fact one officer has been actively working in the state of Nevada while the second has been inactive for several years now. Both officers are male, one African-American and the other Caucasian. Both officers feel very strongly about the importance of police work and were not very shy at giving their opinions. The interviews were not conducted in person but each officer was sent a number of questions via e-mail and asked to answer them to the best of their knowledge and return their answers via e-mail no later than Saturday, November 22, 2008. The questions and†¦show more content†¦He says that where he comes from and the community worked in it the young Black men are not expected to do much with themselves and he used his â€Å"position as a police officer to mentor and uplift as many young men as I could.† Mr. Crawford sta tes that in addition to up-lifting the inner-city youth knowing that he was making the community safer for everyone was also an upside to being a police officer. Both men state that despite all the negative experiences they have experienced as police officers the good far out weight the bad and that they would recommend policing as a career to anyone who believes that they are strong enough to handle it. Each state that good police officers are always going to be in demand and that there is no one better for the job than the people who grow up in these communities and know the in and outs of the streets that they will work in. Chief Perry says that being a cop is great and there is no reason that people wouldn’t want to do the job especially if a person is looking for â€Å"a lot of excitement and something interesting and new everyday†. Mr. Crawford states that there â€Å"is nothing more fulfilling than knowing that you are making a difference in the very commun ity you were raised in or one that is very close to it.† When asked how much education a police officer should, Mr. Crawford and Chief Perry both agree that a police officer isShow MoreRelatedAn Interview With Police Enforcement1391 Words   |  6 Pagesdetective. Since working in law enforcement is my number one goal I decided to interview two different Sheriff Deputy Officers. The first Sheriff Deputy Officer that I interviewed was Deputy Benzor from the Los Angeles Sheriff Department. The interview that I conducted with Deputy Benzor was an informal interview that occurred while I was doing a patrol ride along. This was probably the best time to conduct an informal interview because during the patrol ride along I got to experienced what it feels likeRead MoreA Interview At The Neptune Police Department Essay1820 Words   |  8 PagesIntroduction The name of my interviewee is James Robert MacConchie. He works for the Neptune Police Department, in Neptune New Jersey. He is a member of the police force from my hometown, this is how I was able to get this interviewee. Over Thanksgiving break, I had the opportunity to interview Mr. MacConchie in person. The interview took place at the Neptune police station on the 22nd of November. I went into the interview not knowing anything about my interviewee, so it was very interesting to learn aboutRead MorePolice Officer Interview Essay examples3965 Words   |  16 PagesUnit 8 Assignment CJ340 06 Professor Anthony Scarpelli Peter bisher January 06, 2011 My first interviewee officers jack Davidson, patrolman from Somers point police department. When interviewing Patrolman Davidson, I found the following to be his impressions of the police force in general. Officer Davidson spoke of why ethics and character are important in the field of law enforcement. His response was that ethics and character go hand in hand. In law enforcement it seems that thereRead MoreA Interview On The Los Angeles Police Department1815 Words   |  8 Pageswe could change the world, we are the protector of the peace. We define the odds and criticisms..† This is what a police officer had said during a YouTube video talking about the Los Angeles Police Department. The LAPD has encouraged me to become a better person, also helping others who are in need of help. It takes a lot of motivation, commitment, and education to become a police officer because you have to be prepared of what the situation is going to come towards you. To apply for this careerRead MoreInterview Officer Michael Alway Of The Rocklin Police Department Essay858 Words   |  4 PagesThe Onset I chose to interview Officer Michael Alway of the Rocklin Police Department. I selected him because of the rapport I had with him from him being a former instructor at the community college I went to. This rapport made it more comfortable to ask more complicated questions. I originally made contact with him through my csus.edu email account. In a few days, he was able to get back to me and we set an appointment date via email. I initially send him the interview questions, so he would knowRead MorePolice Brutality, By Renee Montagne Interviews Mark Puente931 Words   |  4 PagesPolice brutality is in the spotlight these days. With new technology such as cell phones and the internet, we can barely go online without seeing something new in the headlines about the violence being perpetrated about the forces protecting our cities. 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Sociology Is The Study Of Individuals In Groups Free Essays

In this essay three perspectives will be assessed. How society operates in the view of these perspectives. Also, scrutinizing theories on the subject ‘crime and deviance’ aiming to outline how each perspective grasps the matter. We will write a custom essay sample on Sociology Is The Study Of Individuals In Groups or any similar topic only for you Order Now Before one can observe society, one needs to take into account the ways in which it can be viewed. Perspectives that focus on social systems, are known as macro perspectives. Alternatively, the micro perspective, focuses on social action of the individual. (Taylor et al, 1995). One of The first major perspectives examining society is Functionalism. Functionalism begins with the observation that behavior in society is structured†. Harmless and Holbrook, 1 980, p. 14). They argue that Functional prerequisites such as hospitals, schools and families among many more, bind society together. In a functionalist society these integrate with one another to form a value consensus. Furthermore, it is essential they interrelate at a basic level for society to survive. (Harmless and Holbrook, 1980). Therefore, society is maintained by the value consensus and its cohesion of working parts. Mile Druthers founder of functionalism, observed societies values and norms portraying them as social order. Laws establish with the value consensus. He developed his argument by saying crime is an inevitable and normal way of social life. (Harmless and Holbrook, 1980). He added to this he states that social change begins with some sort of deviance, just enough deviance benefits society and keeps it healthy; it reinforces right and wrong in societies collective conscience. However too much on the other hand would cause a state enormousness described as anomie. For example, Morton (1968, cited in Harmless and Holbrook, 1 980) states since members of society are placed differently, such as social class, simultaneously having different collective enticements, too much imbalance; not enough prosperity and not enough opportunities, would cause an anomic state. As a consequence leading to a break down of societies values and norms. Rioting in such a case would be anomic state or the uprising of a government. Functionalism has declined as modern theories better explain society. Functional macro sociological analysis disregards small areas of society. Also, damaging criticisms arose with the ideas of human beings as products of the social system. (Taylor et al, 1995). Another macro perspective on society is Marxism. Named after Karl Marx a German sociologist. E described a theory of observing society that offered a radical alternative to functionalism and the nature of social stratification. (Harmless and Holbrook, 1980). Marx examined how society works and explained how history has unfolded paying close attention to capitalism. Marx was troubled with the effects of capitalism and was very concerned to get rid of it. Trainer, 2010). Marx suggested that society is in conflict. He observed western society was split in two. He argued that the ruling class, who had the means of production, the bourgeoisie; exploited the subject class, the proletariat. (Harmless and Holbrook, 1980). Furthermore, â€Å"Marx said history is basically about the struggle between classes for dominance† (Trainer, 2010, p. 1). The ruling class ideology in Mar’s argument, only benefited the bourgeoisie; the distortion of reality, falsifying society binding members together with a false consciousness. Thus, helping to maintain the superstructure in the aid of the ruling class. When observing Mar’s theory behind crime and deviance, one understands no value consensus express laws comparable to functionalism. Mar’s argues that laws are passed by state government, reflecting the interests of ruling class ideology, rather an authoritarian consensus. As follows a false commitment is shared by society as a whole considering laws only benefit the ruling minority. (Harmless and Holbrook, 1980). A classic case study portraying this argument is Stuart Hall’s ‘policing the crisis’. Hall raises the argument of ‘mugging; a new term from America that was used by the media to label an attempted robbery, murder scene in 1972 In Britain. He argued the term is now affixed to any type of crime particularly applied at black youth. From that point onwards it becomes symptomatic Of a ‘moral panic’. (Hall et al, 1978). Furthermore, Halls statistics show the term ‘mugging’ appearing 60 times in newspapers the following year. (Hall et al, 1978) It can be said that the media’s moral panics, run by the ideology of the ruling class, camouflaged the economic crisis that emerged during the sass’s. Subsequently, the moral panics allowed the state to enforce policing methods legitimizing random stops targeting black youths. Thus, more control over the subject class. Social action theories offer a drastic alternative view on society to the above. Interpretative perspective emphasis is on individuals action, rather than the deterministic approach structured by social systems, social action focuses on small scale interaction. (Taylor et alarm 1995). The focus is on individual actions that are constructed by society through meaning and interpretations. For instance a newly wed husband and wife will understand the role a whole lot better by understanding the meaning of the term. (Harmless and Holbrook, 1980) For Max Weber, founder of social action theory believed these meanings were attached to a social actions carried out by an individual. He expanded on his theory by stating self concepts are a result of interpretations there described them as. Individuals are more likely to carry out a behavior after being perceived in a particular way. (Harmless and Holbrook, 1980). Furthermore, Interactions defines the construction of meaning through analysis. It can be said that language, gestures and appearance will govern the interpretation of the context the actions uphold. It can be said that individuals depends on symbolic symbols to define and understand meanings in society through relating, interpreting and making sense. (Taylor et al, 1995). Howard Becker, applied labeling theory in his attempt to define crime and evince to social action. His argument consisted of deviant behavior, only existing when perceived and defined as such. JP until it has been labeled by a member of society there was no deviance. The deviant is one to whom the label has successfully been applied; deviant behavior is behavior that people so label. † Becker (1 963, cited in Harmless and Holbrook, 1980, p. 346). Becker develops his argument stressing the importance of the public identification of a deviant. As stated above, self concepts can change individuals to the label applied, in this case, accepting the deviant label may in urn, cause the individual to commit more deviance. However Becker states this theory may not be inevitable. Harmless and Holbrook, 1980). A criticism with interactions approach is the labeling term for deviance is too deterministic. Having been founded primarily on ideas based on free will through social individual action; the person labeled with the term deviant, will be expected to commit further deviant activities. (Harmless and Holbrook, 1980). However, Becker does reject this barrage of criticisms and goes on to defend his theory by saying labeling theory has been misunderstood and unfairly criticized. Harmless and Holbrook, 1980). Throughout the three perspectives it can be said that there are differences describing theories of crime and deviance. For instance, The Marxist view is directed through the course of history at the ruling class ideology. The manufacturing of crimes sees the subject class targeted and deemed deviant. In recent years Neo Marxist theories have developed a better understanding. The Hegemonic society as original Marxist views first stated have changed and a middle class has now emerged. It appears that although functionalism argues that crime is inevitable by all, it takes the same route of determinism hat Marxism does. Social systems directing the course of society. Many have debated the nature of free will and these structural perspectives will suffer heavy criticisms. Adding to this, disregarding qualitative research missing out small subject areas of society will as a result, only provide a narrow based analysis. Social action theory however, grasps the idea Of crime and deviance better than the latter two. When specifically discussing crime and deviance, qualitative research better explains individuals actions rather than attaching to a system. How to cite Sociology Is The Study Of Individuals In Groups, Papers

Nasi Lemak free essay sample

Growing up, I think I ate Nasi Lemak (literally means Fatty Rice) at least once a week. It used to cost 60 cents and came wrapped in a leaf. I’m sure once a week applies to the average Malaysian as well. Lily visited Chicago a couple of weeks ago, and of course, to complete the trip, we had to concoct this wonderful Malaysian dish. My mother told me very early in my life that too many cooks spoil the soup. She often used this to get me out of her kitchen and on to more important things, like studying. Anyways, I decided that we had to approach this dish very methodically. We first divided the labor – Lily with food processing and general preparation work. Me with the chicken curry. I am the curry and rice girl (link to hilarious video: http://urloid. com/youtube34). An invisible line separated the stove into 2 quadrants and we got working. We will write a custom essay sample on Nasi Lemak or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page We started with the rice and pandan leaves, naturally. Within minutes of putting the rice to boil, we had several people emerge from their sleep after getting a whiff of the wonderful aroma. Lily proceeded with slicing shallots and mincing the shallots and prawns to make belacan. We then made the sambal and chicken curry side by side. After preparing the boiled eggs, roasted peanuts and another half bottle of wine, we finally sat down to enjoy this wonderful dish. A few tips, though this is a very easy dish to prepare – there are a lot of small things to do and the more you focus on the preparation, the easier the final assembly will be. Always a good idea to get a ramekin or small bowl to compress the rice in, so you will have better plate presentation.

Fairy

There is an assumption that a fairy-tale reflects cultural trends in community development that change across time. The do not only make shifts to social environment, but also tap into consciousness of individuals, particularly to that of children who are obsessed with the plotlines and magic that story’s heroes work.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Fairy-tale Cinderella specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More At this point, there is a serious concern about the positive impact that Disney’s Cinderella has on little girls’ understanding of what qualities a woman should possess. It is also the problem with the emerging stereotypes among children who explore possibilities to become wealthy people. Girls’ overwhelmed interest in Cinderella’s adventure make them more vulnerable to reality. Perceiving them as princesses, they strive to wear pink dresses and tiaras believing that these things are inherent components of an authentic princess. Disney’s image of a poor girl who has managed to marry a handsome prince and liberate herself from cruel and evil stepmother distorts the veritable state of affairs. In reality, stepmothers are not necessarily evil and girls do not always marry princes. After all, wearing pink and behaving pretentiously does not mean to be a princess. Orenstein states that new paradigms of femininity differ significantly from those presented in Disney’s stories and, therefore, mothers should pay attention to their daughters’ upbringing. Similar concerns are expressed in Yolen’s discussions of fairy-tales and Disney’s Cinderella, which is a distorted variant of an original version. The current version depicts Cinderella as a poor, helpless, useless, and suffering heroine who is only recognized after revealing her identity to a prince. In fact, such an aspect in retelling the story of a poor girl does not contribute to shaping positively oriented identities among girls since these clichà ©s and stereotypes do not exist in reality. This essay on Fairy-tale Cinderella was written and submitted by user Fernanda Z. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Endangered Species Issue in the United States

Endangered Species Issue in the United States In the past, widespread federal and private poisoning almost led to the extinction of the gray wolf in the United States (Goodall Hudson, 2009).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Endangered Species Issue in the United States specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More After it was listed among the endangered species in northern America, the government and animal conservationist spent millions of dollars in ensuring that this endangered species regained its initial population size. The North America’s gray wolves have played a vital role in the ecosystem (Goodall Hudson, 2009). With the extinction of these carnivores in the North American habitats, trophic cascades in the ecosystem will undergo considerable changes (Cain, 2008). The alteration of trophic cascades affects the diversity and functioning of plants’ population. Due to the increase in ungulates’ population, plants’ biomass will reduce and a ffect soil and water availability. Normally, plants’ roots hold the soil together and prevent soil erosion. With their destruction, soil erosion will be unavoidable. Correspondingly, the alteration of the soil composition through soil erosion results in the modification of biotic and a-biotic resources causing changes in habitats (Cain, 2008). The presence of wolves in an ecosystem controls the distribution, conduct and foraging manner of the existing ungulates. In a research conducted in Yellow Stone National Park, the reintroduction of gray wolves resulted in behavioral change of most ungulates (Reiter, 2003). The research established that most ungulates reduce the time they spend browsing woody vegetation upon the introduction of wolves in the national park. In this regard, the woody vegetation increased. Conversely, with the extinction of the gray wolves in the ecosystem, ungulates will have ample time to browse the woody vegetation. This will lead to a decline in their n umber and may eventually become extinct. Likewise, the presence of wolves in a particular ecosystem can determine the behavior of scavengers. With the wolves’ extinction, the population of scavengers will decline as those unwilling to adapt and hunt on their own will starve and die (Swinburne Brandenburg, 1999).Advertising Looking for essay on ecology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The existence of wolves in an ecosystem helps to eliminate the weak, diseased, injured and less fitting prey. In this regard, wolves ensure the sustenance of future generations of most ungulates through the passage of desired genes from the healthy and environmentally fitting preys (Reiter, 2003). Thus, the extinction of wolves in our ecosystem will results in an increase in the ungulates population comprising of unhealthy and undesired preys. With the presence of unhealthy members of the prey, disease threats will compromise the future population (Reiter, 2003). Wolves’ population determines an ecosystem’s mechanism, process and structures. Commonly, wolves influence the profusion of ungulates in an ecosystem (Mech, 1970). In this regard, plants’ composition and population is indirectly affected. With more wolves in an ecosystem, the number of ungulates will reduce. This will lead to an increase in the plants’ biomass and diversity. Conversely, the extinction of the wolves’ population will result in an increase in the ungulates population resulting in the reduction and maybe extinction of some of the plant biomass and diversity (Mech, 1970). Similarly, the extinction of gray wolves will result in an increase in the number of their competitors. These include the brown and black bears. The brown bears population will increase due to the sufficient presence of prey with the extinction of the grey wolves. In addition, the black bears population will ultimately increase althou gh the two species rarely compete over the same prey. Since gray wolves usually kill black bears’ cubs, their extinction means that the black bears population will increase. References Cain, M. L. (2008). Ecology. Sunderland, Mass.: Sinauer Associates.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Endangered Species Issue in the United States specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Goodall, J., Maynard, T., Hudson, G. E. (2009). Hope for animals and their world: how endangered species are being rescued from the brink. New York: Grand Central Pub.. Mech, L. D. (1970). The wolf: the ecology and behavior of an endangered species, ([1st ed.). Garden City, N.Y.: Published for the American Museum of Natural History by the Natural History Press. Reiter, C. (2003). The gray wolf. Berkeley Heights, NJ: MyReportLinks.com Books. Swinburne, S. R., Brandenburg, J. (1999). Once a wolf: how wildlife biologists fought to bring back the gray wo lf. Boston, Mass.: Houghton Mifflin.

Political and Economic Transition Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Political and Economic Transition - Essay Example They are usually granted by the government to the maker of a product and the government thereby, promises the company to restrict others to use the same process or produce the same product. Another way of preventing piracy is to use such unique production methods which are very difficult to be copied. For instance movies are now available on Blu-ray discs and it is nearly impossible to make a copy of them without a standard Blu-ray writer. And Blu-ray writers are very expensive, thereby limiting the chances of pirating movies. Another possible way is to take action against pirates or those who are involved in mass piracy. The American Immigration and Customs enforcement undertook a massive crackdown in 2010 and shut down the famous video hosting website called Ninja Video. One more popular instance of a crackdown on pirates was when a US court ordered the famous P2P (peer to peer) software giant LimeWire from taking its service off the internet. Q. Increased digital communication may pose a threat to intellectual property because technology enables people to create perfect clones of original works. How do you think the internet affects intellectual property laws? A. The internet is a great facility which has facilitated people throughout the world with its technological advancements and things available online. However it is also the most successful medium to be used by people involved in piracy. Intellectual property can be described as property that can be protected under a nation’s law including copyright ideas, discoveries, inventions and works. There is a lot of information available on the internet that can easily be downloaded, copied and shared. The ease with which such information can be copied and distributed has become a nightmare for the creators/makers of such information. With so little protection available to the creators of information, they fear a massive fall in their income. An author’s income is based upon the number of his books

Adoption of Renewable Energy Technologies in the United Kingdom Essay

Adoption of Renewable Energy Technologies in the United Kingdom - Essay Example A huge proportion of the world's energy resources come from natural gases, fossil fuels, and nuclear fuels. These types of energy sources emit harmful chemicals and residues in the atmosphere, on the soil and in various bodies of water, which are harmful to the environment. Recent studies estimate that the demand for energy will increase affectedly within the next few decades. Many scientists around the world agonize over the postulated insufficiency of natural gases which are now considered to be finite and unsustainable. Also, global environmental problems like global warming call for cleaner energy sources in order to preclude degenerative developments in the world's environmental conditions. The running down of United Kingdom’s vast energy resources, along with the forecasted escalation of the world’s energy consumption imperils its energy security. Jamieson 2 Sole reliance on fossil and nuclear fuels void its commitment to reducing energy consumption and cutting ca rbon emissions. The national government now turns to exploiting renewable energy sources that will increase energy supply. The adoption of renewable energy will also help in the decarbonization of the atmosphere using Carbon and Capture Technology. The Department of Energy and Climate Change’s Office for Renewable Energy Development exerts effort in order to understand how this transformation can be achieved and to discuss the possible barriers that may debar adoption of renewable energy. How to achieve development of diverse renewable resources The implementation of renewable energy technologies in the United Kingdom can â€Å"meet the target to deliver 15% of the UK’s energy consumption from renewable resources by 2020† (Department of Energy and Climate Change, â€Å"Renewable Energy†). There are eight (8) renewable resources technologies that will be used to generate at least 15% of the total energy consumption in the United Kingdom by 2020. These are the following: (1) Onshore wind; (2) Offshore wind; (3) Marine Energy; (4) Biomass Electricity; (5) Biomass Heat; (6) Air-source and Ground-source heat pumps; (7) Renewable Transport; (8) Solar and Geothermal Technologies. The national government should focus on the following measures in order to achieve these developments: 1. Enabling access to the grid. Deployment of energy generated by renewable energy resources cannot be completed without access to the grid. This can make or break the plan. The government must ensure that grids are supplied on all renewable energy sites in order to ease deployment actions. Jamieson 3 2. Making sure of a sustainable supply of bioenergy. Bioenergy is seen to possibly contribute almost half of the total energy production needed to meet the 15% target. However, matters pertaining to its sustainability may reduce the use of bioenergy. 3. Technological Advancement. A constant upgrade on the technical support is needed to elevate efficiency on the depl oyment of energy throughout the country. While tools and equipment used in some forms of renewable energy technologies are relatively advanced, others are yet struggling with having the comparatively outmoded technology.  

Comparing and Contrast Jean Bartik and Margaret Hamilton

Comparing and Contrast Jean Bartik and Margaret Hamilton Software engineering; hearing this term brings to mind words corresponding to innovating, analyzing complex problems, designing software, and maintenance of programs. People picture a   stubborn nerd who only knows how to communicate with computers. It is a common misconception that in the field of technology, males are dominating all the positions that are available. Despite all that, Jean Bartik, a pioneer software engineer of ENIAC, and Margaret Hamilton, software engineer of the Apollo 11 mission showed history that women are a force to be reckoned with in the field of technology. Jean Bartik and Margaret Hamilton were both born and raised in America and performed spectacularly in their education. Jean Bartik was born as Betty Jean Jennings in Gentry County, Missouri on the 27th of December 1924. Bartik was the sixth of seven children so life hasnt really been easy for her and her siblings. She began her education at a local one-room school and easily gained local attention for her talent in softball. Bartik was at Northwest Missouri Teachers College majoring in mathematics with a minor in English in 1941 when the Pearl Harbor was bombed. Jennings always dreamed of traveling out of the Midwest and having a real adventure in the world. One could say she got her adventure she was looking for when suddenly, the school was emptied of its male students, who either had been drafted for the war or enlisted for the cause. She experienced having sailors that was sent into her school as classmates for officers training. Jennings was the only women and civilian in class. Nevertheless, she didnt let such events distract her from her education. After a few years, she finished her masters degree in English at the University of Pennsylvania in 1967. Margaret Hamilton was born as Margaret Heafield Hamilton in Paoli, Indiana, on the 17th of August 1936. Unlike Bartik, Hamilton was born an only child. She graduated high school from Hancock High School in 1954. She started getting her education in mathematics at the University of Michigan in 1955 and subsequently earned a bachelors degree in mathematics with a minor in philosophy from Earlham College in 1958. She moved to Boston, Massachusetts, with the goal of achieving a graduate study in abstract mathematics at Brandeis University. The career path these exceptional women took was groundbreaking.   Margaret Hamilton, upon graduation taught temporarily high school French and mathematics to help her husband finish his undergraduate study in Harvard University. She was employed at the SAGE Project at Lincoln lab from 1961 to 1963, where she was one of the programmers who coded the software for the pioneer command system computer to search for an enemy aircraft. She also coded software for the Air force Cambridge Research Laboratories. To add to the exciting life of Hamilton, she was assigned as director of the Software Engineering Division of the MIT Instrumentation Laboratory. The MIT Instrumentation Laboratory was given the task for developing the software for the NASA Apollo programs. Hamilton, then in her early 30s, supervised a team of 100 engineers, mathematicians, programmers and technical writers. The team developed the code for the Apollo Guidance Computer. Realizing her expertise in the field of technology, she established the Hamilton Technologies, Inc in Cambridge Massachusetts. The Company provides products and services that modernize systems engineering and software development. At the young age of 20. Jean Bartik pursued to apply for IBM and the University of Pennsylvania. After a few days, she received a rejection notice from IBM by not meeting all of their standards. On the bright side, Jennings received a telegram from the University of Pennsylvania that she was hired.   To her surprise, the University of Pennsylvanias Moore School of Electrical Engineering, where the U.S. Armys Aberdeen Proving Ground had a project, was seeking female math majors. Even though her friends was against with this idea, Bartiks professors in math pushed her to take on this opportunity. Bartik applied and got hired as a so-called human computer, an employee who calculated bullet trajectories through the help of high end mathematical calculators during her time. These two-powerful females made legacy on their respected field and the world made sure to acknowledge their skills.  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   As a dedication to the history of computing and Bartiks career, Jean Jennings Bartik Computing Museum at Northwest Missouri State University in Maryville, Missouri was named after her to show the appreciation of the museum to her computing of bullet trajectories manually. Content-management framework Drupals default theme, Bartik, was also named in honor of her. In the year of 1997, Bartik was acknowledge in the Inductee, Women in Technology International Hall of Fame. In 2008, she received two awards. One from the fellow, Computer History Museum which honors the exceptional technology pioneers who have changed the world with their achievements. The IEEE Computer Pioneer Award, IEEE Computer Society, for pioneering her work as one of the programmers of ENIAC, and leading the work on BINAC and UNIVAC I. In year 2009, she received the Korenman Award fro m the Multinational Center for Development of Women in Technology. In 1986, Margaret Hamilton received the Augusta Ada Lovelace Award by the Association for Women in Computing. This award is given to individuals who have excelled in either (or both) of two areas: 1. Outstanding scientific and technical achievement and 2. Extraordinary service to the computing community through their accomplishments and contributions on behalf of women in computing. In 2003, she was given the NASA Exceptional Space Act Award for scientific and technical contributions. In 2009, she received the Outstanding Alumni Award by Earlham College. In 2016, she received the Presidential Medal of Freedom from Barack Obama, the highest civilian honor in the United States. Margaret Hamilton became famous as the woman who brought man to the moon. Margaret Hamilton and Jean Bartik proved to the world that women can do outstanding things in technology just as men can. Even though they were born in time where in women was doubted to perform in the field of science and mathematics, they pursued the profession they want with passion, analytical skills and perseverance. References IEEE Computer Society. (n. a.). Betty Jean Jennings Bartik. Retrieved from. https://www.computer.org/web/awards/pioneer-betty-jean-bartik MIT News.   (2016, November 17). Apollo code developer Margaret Hamilton receives Presidential Medal of Freedom. Retrieved from. http://news.mit.edu/2016/apollo-code-developer-margaret-hamilton-receives-presidential-medal-of-freedom-1117 New England Historical Society. (n.  ­a.). Margaret Hamilton, the Woman who put the Man on the Moon. Retrieved from. http://www.newenglandhistoricalsociety.com/margaret-hamilton-the-woman-who-put-the-man-on-the-moon/ Smith, Gina. (2007, December 3). Unsung innovators: Jean Bartik, ENIAC programmer Retrieved from. http://www.computerworld.com/article/2540042/it-management/unsung-innovatorsjean-bartikeniac-programmer.html

Share Capital

? SHARE CAPITAL Share capital is the Funds raised by issuing shares in return for cash or other considerations. The amount of share capital a company has can change over time because each time a business sells new shares to the public in exchange for cash, the amount of share capital will increase. Share capital can be composed of both common and preferred shares. Each share carrying a vote in the management of the business, managerial control may be limited. The authorized capital of a company is the maximum amount of share capital that the company is authorized by its constitutional documents to issue to shareholders.Issued Capital is the value of the shares issued to shareholders. This means the nominal value of the shares rather than their actual worth. The amount of issued capital cannot exceed the mount of the authorized capital. Types of Share Capital:- Redeemable Shares Ownership shares that the issuing business may repurchase. Some redeemable shares are mandatorily redeemabl e and must be repurchased by the issuer on a particular date or on the occurrence of a specified event, such as the death of an owner. Preference SharesPreference shares differ from ordinary shares in giving the holder preferential rights to receive a share of annual profits. An ordinary dividend cannot be paid unless all preference dividends due have been paid in full. Preference shares are also higher in the creditor hierarchy than ordinary shares, and have a preferential right to receive the proceeds of disposal of the assets in the event of a company going into liquidation. They are therefore less risky than ordinary shares, even though they are legally share capital as well. There are three further types of preference shares:-Participating preference shares Preference shares which, in addition to paying a specified dividend, entitle preference shareholders to participate in receiving an additional dividend if ordinary shareholders are paid a dividend above a stated amount. Conv ertible preference shares A preference share that can be converted into common shares at aset conversion price. A company may issue them to finance a major acquisitions without increasing the company’s gearing or diluting the EPS of the ordinary shares. Redeemable preference sharesA preference share which must be bought back by the company at an agreed date and for an agreed price Deferred Shares A share that does not have any rights to the assets of a company undergoing bankruptcy until all common and preferred shareholders are paid. Where it exits, it will rank behind all other shares for dividend. Non-voting Shares A share which equity that does not have a vote, even though it is entitled to a share of the profits. The term is not usually applied to preference shares, although preference share do not have votes, they receive a fixed dividend.Retained profit:- Retained profit is the profit kept in the company rather than paid out to shareholders as a dividend. Retained prof it is widely regarded as the most important long-term source of finance for a business. Dividend payable:- The amount of dividends which have been declared by a company’s board of directors and which are obligated to be paid to shareholders. If the dividend yield falls, then the share becomes less attractive compared to other investments, demand for it will fall, and supply will increase as investors wish to sell. Newspaper information on share:-Many of the broadsheet papers include a section showing security prices and related information including: the highest and lowest prices during the year; the closing price the previous day; the change in price over the previous trading day; dividends net of tax; dividend cover; gross yield; and the P/E ratio. Share categories:- Shares are categorized according to the company type and trading frequency: ? Alphas These are the shares of the most prestigious companies which are generally heavily traded and dealt in by a large number of m arket-makers. Prices are posted immediately on SEAQ ? BetasThese are also large company securities, but they are not as heavily traded as alphas. They must have at least four market-makers dealing in them and prices quoted on SEAQ are those at which firm deals can be made. ?Gamma These securities are traded lessfrequently than betas and the prices quoted for them are merely indicative. ?Deltas These are the least traded of all and no prices are actually shown, simply indications of a dealer's interest. Penny shares:- Penny shares are shares which have a very low value with the bid or offer spread of such shares exceeding 10% of their market value.Investors buy such shares in the hope that the market has undervalued their prospects and that they will make a substantial profit when the price recovers. Methods of issuing shares:- One way in which a firm can expand is to issue additional equity –usually on the main Stock Exchange or second-tier market, either by a quoted company issuing additional shares or by an unquoted company obtaining a quotation. An unquoted company may also wish to issue shares without being floated. Placing or Selective Marketing’s:-This method is often used for a company wishing to be floated for the first time and to issue a small issue, or by a quoted company wishing to raise additional finance. It involves securities' acquisition by a market-maker so that they can be purchased by a small number of investors. Offer For sale. This is where the company which is issuing the shares will offer the shares to an issuing house. Generally a merchant bank will act as an issuing house. The shares bought over by the issuing house will be re issued to the general public.Under this method the company which is issuing the shares can make use of the financial strength and the image of the issuing house to make. Normally the shares are offered at a fixed price determined by the company’s directors and their financial advisers. This is usually undertaken by the organization who is offering for the first time and a large issue. This is also known as public offer. The issue price should be low enough to be attractive to potential investors, but high enough to allow the required finance to be raised without the issue of more shares than necessary. PlacingThis is where the company which is carrying out the share issue will select large institutional investors and offer the shares by conducting â€Å"road shows†. A road show is where the company will conduct a presentation to educate the selected investors about the share issue. This will be a low cost method of issuing the shares. Some of the institutional investors who will be interested in the share issue will include pension funds, unit trusts, venture capital organizations, building societies. The shares are issued at a fixed price to a number of institutional investors who are approached by the broker before the issue takes place.Instead of engaging in advertising to the population at large, the sponsor or broker handling the issue sells the shares to its own private clients. The costs of this method are considerably lower than those of an offer for sale. There are lower publicity costs and legal costs. A drawback of this method is that the spread of shareholders isgoing to be more limited. Sale by tender This is where the company which is issuing the shares will call upon the investors to bid the price at which they are willing to buy the shares.Therefore each individual investor will indicate the quantity of shares they expect to buy and price they are willing to pay. The company should decide upon a price at which all the shares can be issued and collect the highest possible revenue. This price will be called the strike price. Investors who bid a price above this will be allocated shares at the strike price – not at the price of their bid. Those who bid below the strike price will not receive any shares. This method is u seful in situations where it is very ifficult to value a company, for instance, where there is no comparable company already listed or where the level of demand may be difficult to assess. It is more costly to administer and many investors will be put off by being handed the onerous task of estimating the share’s value. Short Term Finance:- Securitization:- The process through which an issuer creates a financial instrument by combining other financial assets and then marketing different tiers of the repackaged instruments to investors. The process can encompass any type of financial asset and promotes liquidity in the marketplaceRight issue The term right issue is applied to the system of issuing shares to existing shareholders usually at a discount from the market price in order to raise further capital from existing shareholders. The offer must be on a right basis in proportion to the members existing holding as a fraction of holdings of all members eligible to receive the offer. The rights of shareholders to buy the rights are known as pre-emptive rights. Calculation of issue price. This is the amount that company wishes to raise from the issue divided by the number of new shares.It is important to issue a sufficient number of shares so that the issue price is below current market price. Calculation of price after issue: ?Ex right price ?Actual price after issue †¢At current earnings †¢At lower earnings †¢At higher earnings Values of rights: The value is the difference between the price of the right shares and the ex-right shares. Other methods: ?Subscription offers: An offer for subscription is an invitation to the public by or on the behalf of an issuer to subscribe for securities not yet issued or allotted. ?Prospectus issue:If reasonably substantial the company might make an issue direct to the public with the absolute minimum of assistance from the outside source. It is rather unusual because of the complexity of the nature of the capital issue. ?Stock exchange introduction This is the introduction of the shares on the stock exchange so that a quotation can be fixed, rather than the issue of shares. ?Role of underwriters Under writers agree to purchase any securities not taken up at the issue price and will charge a fixed face for their service. Use of underwriters removes the risk of share issue being under subscribed. Open offers: This is an offer to existing shareholders to subscribe for securities. Whether or not pro rata to their existing shareholders. They are not allotted through the issue of renounceable documents. ?Vendor share scheme or placing: Where a vendor prefers cash to shares issued to finance an acquisition by a purchaser, an issuing house can place the securities with clients for cash. ?Exchanges and conversions: This is the process used to replace one security with another. E. g. ; a vendor consideration issue or paper issue used in a merger or takeover bid. Employee share schemes: Such e mployees are often used as incentives, e. g. ; share option schemes which give certain employees the chance to purchase shares in the company at a price determined in advance hopefully for a financial benefit. The firm should consider the following factors when pricing shares for a stock market quotation: †¢The current and future market conditions and the firm’s results. †¢P/E of similar quoted companies. †¢Whether the quotation is to be on the main market or the AIM. †¢An initial premium on launch, followed by steady growth in the share price is desirable. The amount of finance required. †¢Future dividends and earnings forecasts (the more shares the more dividends need to be paid out). †¢Underwriting costs or deep discount required to avoid under subscription of shares. Costs of share issues: The costs involved in share issues include †¢The stock exchange listing fee for the new securities. †¢Fees of advisors including those of the iss uing house. †¢Underwriting costs. †¢The compulsory advertising in national newspapers. †¢Printing and distribution costs of details and prospectus. Issuing new shares without raising capital: Scrip issues/ capitalization / bonus issue: It involves conversion of reserves into capital causing a fall in the reserves. Shareholders receive additional shares in proportion to their holding. The shareholders do not pay for the shares. This results in more equity in circulation with the result that the market value will generally fall in the short term. This making it more attractive to potential investors. ?Scrip dividends: It is a conversional of profit reserves into issued share capital offered to shareholders in lieu of cash dividend.Enhanced scrip dividends are those where the value of shares is greater than cash dividend offered as an alternative. ?Stock split; It is the splitting of existing shares into smaller shares, in order to improve the marketability of the compan y’s shares. Share repurchase: Repurchases or buy-ins of shares may be made by companies out of their distributable profits or out of the proceeds of a new issue of share made especially for the purpose; provided than are authorized to do so in the company’s articles of association.And off- market purchase is said to occur when the shares are purchased not subjected to the marketing arrangements of the stock exchange or other than on a recognized stock exchange. Advantages: †¢It may allow a company to prevent a takeover bid. The control by the existing shareholder group will be increased. †¢A quoted company may purchase its share in order to withdraw from the stock market. †¢It can be a useful way of using surplus cash. †¢Repurchasing shares will reduce the number in circulation which should allow an increase in earnings and dividends per share and should lead to a higher share price.It will increase future EPS as future profits will be earned by few er shares. †¢Reducing the level of equity will increase the gearing level for a company with debt which may be considered beneficial by the company. †¢If a business is in decline a share repurchase may give the firm’s equity a more appropriate level. Disadvantages: †¢Repurchasing of shares may be viewed as a failure by the company to manage the funds profitably for shareholders. †¢The company requires cash for the repurchase. †¢It may be difficult to fix a price which is beneficial to all involved. It requires existing shareholders approval. †¢Capital gains tax may be payable by those shareholders from whom the shares are purchased. †¢It increases gearing. Debt and other forms of loan capital: Debt capital is borrowing fund from others or public with issuing securities, bond, it is cheaper than cost of equity this is largely use from the high cost of equity. Debentures A debenture is a document that either creates a debt or acknowledges it, and it is a debt without collateral. In corporate finance, the term is used for a medium- to long-term debt instrument used by large companies to borrow money.In some countries the term is used interchangeably with bond, loan stock or note. A debenture is thus like a certificate of loan or a loan bond evidencing the fact that the company is liable to pay a specified amount with interest and although the money raised by the debentures becomes a part of the company’s capital structure, it does not become share capital Features of debentures ?Debenture holders are not the owners of the company. They are considered the creditors of the corporation or in other words, the company borrows money from them through issuing debenture. No voting rights. The debenture-holder is not a shareholder and cannot vote in the company's general meetings. ?Fixed rate of interest. A debenture with a fixed charge has a fixed rate of interest. It can be presented as â€Å"10% Debenture†. They a re always unsecured and earns a fixed rate of interest but has no share of the profit. ?Compulsory payment of interest. The interest on debenture is payable irrespective of whether there are profits made or not. Mortgage A mortgage represents a loan or lien on a property house that has to be paid over a specified period of time.Think of it as your personal guarantee that you'll repay the money you've borrowed to buy your home. Mortgages come in many different shapes and sizes, each with its own advantages and disadvantages. Make sure you select the mortgage that is right for you, your future plans, and your financial picture Convertible loan stock A loan to a company in the form of bonds that can later be exchanged for shares under certain conditions. Investor Advantages In a convertible debt agreement, investors are viewed as creditors of the start-up business. This is advantageous if the company liquidates or goes bankrupt.Note holders are shown preferential treatment when the com pany's assets are divided. As the note is secured against the borrower's assets, an investor may feel more secure lending using convertible debt than he would through a traditional bank loan. Disadvantages for Borrower In the event that the convertible promissory comes due and it is not converted to equity or stock, the note still remains payable when the lender calls it in. The note is taken out against the company's assets, and the lender has the right to liquidate the assets to get his money.This can put a company in dire financial straits Warrants †¢Warrants give the holder the right to subscribe for a specified number of shares at a fixed price during as at the end of a specified time period. †¢Warrants are rights given to investors allowing them to buy new shares in a company at a future date at a fixed given price. †¢The price is known as exercise price. †¢The time at which they can be used to obtain shares is known as exercise period. †¢The warrant c onversion premium is calculated by comparing the cost of purchasing a share using the warrant and the current share price. BondsThe long term contract in which the bondholders lend money to a company. In return the company promises to pay the bond owners a series of interest payments known as coupons until the bond matures. At maturity the bondholder receives a specified principal sum called the par value of the bond. The increase or decrease in the market prices of a bond doesn’t affect the return. The investor only gets back the nominal value of the bond. Licensing and franchising This allow for the acquisition of a product, service or business concept of another organization, without the purchase of the other entity as a whole.In this an initial payment is required by the provider and also the royalties on subsequent sales, in return for marketing in an exclusive territory. Syndicated loans For large loans a single bank may not be able or willing to lend the whole amount. So they spread their lending to gain the risk reducing benefits of diversification. They prefer to participate in a number of syndicated loans in which a few banks each contribute a portion of the overall loan. It generally offers lower returns than bonds. And they are paid out before bond holders in the event of liquidation.Mezzanine finance Offering a high return with a high risk. The finance it provides is cheaper (in terms of required return) than would be available on the equity market and it allows the owners of a business to raise large sum of money without sacrificing control. It is used when the limits of bank borrowing has been reached and the business cannot or is not willing to issue any more equity capital. Medium term notes The company promises to pay the holders a certain sum on the maturity date, and in many cases a coupon interest in the period of time. And it may be unsecured.The interest rates may be fixed, floating or zero rate. Project finance Deal is mainly cre ated by industry corporations providing some equity for those who build and operate a project. The significant feature is that the loan returns are tied to the cash flows and fortunes of a particular project rather than being secured against the parent firms assets. For project finance, while the parent company s credit standing is a factor. The main focus is on the financial prospects of the project itself. And it is used to finance power plants, roads, ports, sewage facilities, telecommunications etc. nd the main advantage is that the finance is raised on the projects assets and cash flows and therefore is not recorded as debt in the parent company s balance sheet. Sale and leaseback If a firm owns buildings, land or equipment it may be possible to sell these to another firm and agree to lease the property back for a stated period under specific terms. Hire purchase The finance house allows the hirer firm to use the equipment in return for a series of regular payments. These payme nts are sufficient to cover interest and contribute to paying off the principal.After all payments have been made then the hirer becomes the owner. The main advantage for the customer is that interest part of the payments are allowable against tax, and capital allowances can be claimed on the asset. Leasing It’s similar to hire purchase. Here also the owner converts the right to use the equipment in return for regular rental payments by the user over an agreed period of time. Here the difference is that the lessee never becomes the owner. Operating lease Commit the lessee to only a short term contract. And don’t have to be reported on the face of the statement of financial position.They will not be included in gearing calculations. And liability of future rentals is reported as a note to the accounts. This is mainly useful for lessee in the case of high technology products which are quickly obsolete. Finance lease It is also called capital lease or full payment lease. The finance provider expects to recover the full cost of the equipment plus interest over the period of the lease. And the lessee has no right to cancellation. The lessee will have to bear the risks and rewards that normally go with ownership. And he will usually be responsible for maintenance, insurance and repairs.It is reported on the face of the statement of financial position. Short Term Finance Securitization: The process whereby companies, instead of raising finance by borrowing from financial institutions, Converts assets into securities for sale in the marketplace. This may be allowed in the lower interest rates. Note Issuance Facilities (NIFs) and Revolving Underwriting Facilities (RUFs):- The NIF acts as an underwriter. Should the borrower be unable to sell all notes, the syndicate is obligated to purchase all the remaining notes from the borrower, essentially providing credit.Note issuance facilities are useful in reducing risk and costs for both the borrower and the len der. A RUF differs from a note issuance facility (NIF) in that the underwriters provide loans instead of purchasing the outstanding notes that failed to sell. In either case, both RUF and NIF provide short- to medium-term credit in the Eurocurrency market. Commercial Paper :-(CP) An unsecured, short-term debt instrument issued by a corporation, typically for the financing of accounts receivable, inventories and meeting short-term liabilities.Maturities on commercial paper rarely range any longer than 270 days. The debt is usually issued at a discount, reflecting prevailing market interest rates. One example is where the company issues six month dollar notes in the European Commercial Paper Market (ECP). Medium-term notes (MTN) Range in maturity from one to 10 years. By knowing that a note is medium term, investors have an idea of what its maturity will be when they compare its price to that of other fixed-income securities.All else being equal, the coupon rate on medium-term notes w ill be higher than those achieved on short-term notes. The use of CPs and MTNs is limited in that a minimum size of company and issue restricts it to large companies, multinationals and certain public sector bodies, and they are driven by the demand of investors. Syndicated Credits:- The main goal of syndicated lending is to spread the risk of a borrower default across multiple lenders (such as banks) or institutional investors like pension’s funds and hedge funds.Because syndicated loans tend to be much larger than standard bank loans, the risk of even one borrower defaulting could cripple a single lender. Syndicated loans are also used in the leveraged buyout community to fund large corporate takeovers with primarily debt funding. Banks:- Bank lending to companies is predominantly short term, although it is also now a valuable source of medium term finance. a)Bank loans:- A short-term loan is a fixed amount of debt finance borrowed by a company from a bank, with repayment t o be made in the near future, for example after one year.The company pays interest on the loan at either a fixed or a floating rate at regular intervals, for example quarterly. A short-term bank loan is less flexible than an overdraft, since the full amount of the loan must be borrowed over the loan period and the company takes on the commitment to pay interest on this amount, whereas with an overdraft interest is only paid on the amount borrowed, not on the agreed overdraft limit. The interest rate for small companies on medium-term loans may either be at a fixed rate or at a margin above the bank's base rate.For larger companies, the interest rate on medium-term loans may again be fixed for up to five years, but is usually at a margin above the London Inter-Bank Offered Rate (LIBOR) adjusted every three, six, nine or twelve months in line with LIBOR movements. b)Overdraft:- An overdraft is an agreement by a bank to allow a company to borrow up to a certain limit without the need f or further discussion. The company will borrow as much or as little as it needs up to the overdraft limit and the bank will charge daily interest at a variable rate on the debt outstanding.The bank may also require security or collaterals protection against the risk of non-payment by the company. An overdraft is a flexible source of finance in that a company only uses it when the need arises. However, an overdraft is technically repayable on demand, even though a bank is likely in practice to give warning of its intention to withdraw agreed overdraft facilities. Overdrafts are often the ideal solution for short term borrowing and are extensively used to overcome short term cash flow problems, such as for funding purchase of raw materials whilst waiting payment on goods produced.There is no penalty for repayment of an overdraft, unlike (usually) the early repayment of a medium-term loan. The bank, though, can demand the repayment of an overdraft atany time, and many businesses have b een forced to cease trading because of the withdrawal of overdraft facilities by their bank. The advantages of an overdraft facility with the bank are that: †¢It provides flexibility. †¢It is a relatively cheap from of finance. †¢Interest is charged on the daily balance. The major drawback of an overdraft is that the bank can withdraw the overdraft facility at short notice.Trade Credit:- Trade credit is an agreement to take payment for goods and services at a later date than that on which the goods and services are supplied to the consuming company. It is common to find one, two or even three months’ credit being offered on commercial transactions and trade credit is a major source of short-term finance for most companies. The advantages of trade credit is that it is a relatively convenient, cheap and informal way of securing short term finance and is available to companies of all sizes. Factoring:-A financing method in which a business owner sells accounts rec eivable at a discount to a third-party funding source to raise capital. Factoring is the cash-management tool of choice for many companies. It is one of the most expensive forms of financing. The way it works is as follows: †¢Once a sale is made, the company invoices its customer and sends a copy of the invoice to the factor. †¢The factor then pays the company a set proportion of the invoice value within a pre-arranged time –typically, most factors offer 80-85% of an invoice's value within 24 hours. †¢The factor issues statements on the company's behalf and collects the payments.However, the company remains responsible for reimbursing the factor for bad debts, unless a â€Å"non-recourse† facility has been arranged. †¢The company will receive the balance of the invoice (less charges) once the factor receives payment. †¢The factor provides regular reports on the status of the company's sales ledger Typical charges on the amount financed range fr om 1% to 4% over base rate, with interest calculated on a daily basis. Credit management and administration charges, including the maintenance of the sales ledger, depend on turnover, the volume and number of invoices. Typical fees range from 0. 0% to 3. 0% of annual turnover –a company with 50 live customers, 1,000 invoices per year and ? 1 million turnover might pay 1%. Advantage:- †¢Cash flow is maximized as factoring enables a company to raise up to 80% or more on outstanding invoices †¢Using a factor can reduce the time and money spent on debt collection since the factor will usually run the sales ledger for the company †¢The factor's own credit control system can be used to help assess the creditworthiness of new and existing customers †¢Factoring can be an efficient way to minimize the cost and risk of doing business overseas Disadvantage:- The factor usually takes over the maintenance of the sales ledger, and customers may prefer to deal with the c ompany it is trading with rather than a factor †¢Factoring may impose constraints on the way business is conducted –for example, the factor will apply credit limits to individual customers and for non-recourse factoring, most factors will want to pre-approve customers, which may cause delays †¢The client company might only want the finance arrangements and yet it might feel it is paying for collection services they do not really need †¢Ending a factoring arrangement can be difficult where the only exit route is to repurchase the sales ledger or to switch factors and that could cause a sudden shortfall in working capital. Invoice Discounting:- A method to draw loans from a company’s outstanding invoices that does not require the company to relinquish administrative control of the invoices. An invoice discounting company will review the outstanding invoices on the company's ledger, and will determine the amount of loans that it will extend. Because the mon ey is loaned, the company will be responsible for interest payments, as well as a fee to the invoice discounting company. The requirements are more stringent than for factoring and different invoice discounters will impose different requirements. ‘Confidential invoice discounting† ensures that customers do not know a company is using invoice discounting as the client company sends out invoices and statements as usual. However, the costs of this are greater since the discounter is carrying a greater degree of risk. Bills of Exchange:- Bills of exchange are similar to checks and promissory notes. They can be drawn by individuals or banks and are generally transferable by endorsements. The difference between a promissory note and a bill of exchange is that this product is transferable and can bind one party to pay a third party that was not involved in its creation. If these bills are issued by a bank, they can be referred to as bank drafts. If they are issued by individual s, they can be referred to as trade drafts. International capital marketsThere is an increasing internationalization of capital markets, especially for the larger companies. Eurocurrency:- Currency deposited by national governments or corporations in banks outside their home market. This applies to any currency and to banks in any country. For example, South Korean won deposited at a bank in South Africa, is considered Eurocurrency. The market generally offers high rates of interest, flexibility of maturities and a wide range of investment qualities in comparison with other capital markets. The unique feature is that the transactions in each currency take place outside the country from which that currency originates.On the short-term, inter-bank Eurocurrency market, transactions may take place between banks on an unsecured basis from overnight to five years' duration. Most transactions are for six months or less and transaction of over ? 1m is common. Eurobonds:- The Eurobond market is an international capital market which has developed alongside the Eurodollar market since the 1960s. Usually, a Eurobond is issued by an international syndicate and categorized according to the currency in which it is denominated. A Eurodollar bond that is denominated in U. S. dollars and issued in Japan by an Australian company would be an example of a Eurobond. The Australian company in this example could issue the Eurodollar bond in any country other than the U. S. A bond issued in a currency other than the currency of the country or market in which it is issued. ) The following advantages are claimed for the Euromarkets in various currencies: †¢Extremely large sums can be raised or deposited. †¢Money will often be cheaper than the domestic markets. †¢Controls tend to be less restrictive. †¢Some protection against exchange rate movements is offered, but here the user will require a high level of skill in selecting his or her alternatives. †¢ Any perio d of surplus or shortage from one day to five years can be accommodated. †¢The markets offer a useful alternative to other sources of capital which the company Eurobonds Available:- †¢Straight fixed rate bondsThe majority of Eurobonds with a fixed coupon can be described thus. Interest is generally paid out once each year and is calculated using a 360-day year. Some older issues do pay half-annually. †¢Equity related bonds These may take two forms: Convertibles–whereby the bond holder has the right (but not the obligation) to Convert the bond into ordinary shares at a pre-determined price. Eurobonds with warrants–which are similar to convertible bonds in that warrants are attached to the Eurobond enabling the holder to purchase ordinary shares represented by the warrants at, or between, specified dates. The exercise price will be set in a similar fashion to that of convertible Eurobonds. †¢Floating rate notes (FRNs)A note with a variable interest ra te. The adjustments to the interest rate are usually made every six months and are tied to a certain money-market index. Also known as a â€Å"floater†. Borrowing in the Euromarkets;- Borrowers in the Euromarkets include: †¢Companies needing dollars for investment in the USA. †¢Unit trusts and investment trusts investing in foreign securities. †¢The United States banks, which find that it is expedient to take up loans through the European market rather than to borrow in the USA. †¢Multinational companies wishing to invest in a particular country without wishing, or being able, to transfer capital from their base country. National governments and bodies associated with national and international agencies. Euro equity:- An Initial Public Offer occurring simultaneously in two different countries. The company’s shares are listed in various countries rather than where the company is based. Choice of Currency for Borrowing The factors affecting the choice of currency used for company borrowing include: †¢The ease and speed of raising finance, which is often easier outside the domestic markets. †¢The size of the debt –larger loans tend to be borrowed in the Euromarkets. †¢The cost of issues –small changes in interest rates can have a significant impact if the loan is large. Whether the currency is required immediately (including coverage in preventing exchange exposure) and in the long run. †¢The security the company has available –Euro borrowings are generally unsecured. Advantages of Raising Funds in International Markets:- There are several advantages to the company in raising funds in international markets, including: †¢It is useful if the company's own capital market is too small, or too complex and/or regulated to raise the required finance quickly and easily. †¢It improves the liquidity and reputation of the company. †¢It may improve trade if the company trades in the cou ntry of the currency/capital market. †¢It can help in preventing takeover bids.

African American Booker T Washington

Booker T. Washington was a man beyond words. He rose up from slavery, delivering speech after speech expressing his views on how to help raise America's view of the African American. He felt that knowledge was power, not just knowledge of â€Å"books†, but knowledge of agricultural and industrial trades. He felt that the African American would rise to be an equal in American society through hard work. Washington founded a school on these principles, and it became the world's leader in agricultural and industrial education for the Negro. He put his heart and soul into his school, Tuskegee Institute, and gained great respect from both the white and black communities. Many of the country's white leaders agreed with his principals, and so he had a great deal of support. Booker T. Washington cleared the way for the black community too fully enter the American society. Washington was born into slavery on April 5, 1856, in Franklin County, Virginia, on a small tobacco plantation. His only true relative was his mother, Jane, who was the plantation's cook. His father was thought to have been the white son of one of their neighbors. Washington spent his early years on the plantation. He did the small jobs, such as carrying water to the field hands and taking corn to the local mill for grinding. This hard work at an early age filled him the values he would teach for the rest of his life. Washington and his mom were freed after the civil war. His stepfather had escaped earlier, and had gotten a job in Malden, West Virginia, at a salt furnace, so Washington and his mother went to live with him. Life was tough in Malden. â€Å"Drinking, gambling, quarrels, fights, and shockingly immoral practices were frequent.† Washington himself got a job in the salt furnace and often had to go to work at four in the morning. Washington really wanted an education. A school for African Americans opened in Malden, but his stepfather would not let him leave work to attend. Washington wanted an education so bad that he arranged with the teachers to give him classes at night. Booker did not have a last name until he went to school. When he realized that all of the other children at the school had a ‘second' name, and the teacher asked him his, he invented the name Washington. Booker heard of a big school for African Americans in Hampton, Virginia, and he decided to go there. In 1872, he set out on the 500-mile journey to Hampton, traveling most of the way by foot. He was only 16 at this time too. When he finally arrived, he had to take an entrance exam that consisted of him sweeping the floor. He graduated with honors and returned to Malden. He then was asked to come back to Hampton to be an instructor. Then, soon after, the principal of Hampton received a letter from a group in Tuskegee, Alabama, asking for help in starting a school for African Americans there. They were expecting a white man, but when they got Washington, they were quite pleased with him. Washington founded The Tuskegee Institute in 1885. The school opened with 30 students. Tuskegee Institute and its facilities grew, and so did its courses in agricultural and engineering subjects. The Institute survived its early years only through the perseverance of Washington. Washington believed in the â€Å"dignity of labor.† He emphasized the teaching of â€Å"practical skills,† like brick making, carpentry and dairying for the boys, and cooking and sewing for the girls. He believed that African Americans must make economic progress, and learn how to make a living first. Booker is remembered and admired for his accomplishments. Of course his most famous being the Tuskegee Institute. Booker T. Washington is a perfect example that even if you came from nothing, you can accomplish great things if you try hard enough and are willing to make the sacrifice.